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| Classwise Science MCQ Questions with Solutions (Class 11th) | ||||||||||||||
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Class 11th Physics MCQ Questions
1. Physical World
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the **physical world** and the realm of physics. It explores what physics is about, its fundamental principles like unification and reduction, and its profound connection with technology and society, which has driven innovation in India and globally. The chapter briefly discusses the fundamental forces in nature: gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces. It aims to kindle curiosity about how physics seeks to understand the universe's underlying structure and phenomena through observation, experimentation, and theoretical frameworks.
2. Units And Measurements
Accurate **measurement** is the backbone of physics. This chapter introduces the concept of **physical quantities**, fundamental and derived quantities, and the globally standardized **International System of Units (SI Units)**. It discusses the measurement of length, mass, and time, including methods for measuring very large and very small values. The powerful technique of **dimensional analysis** is introduced for checking the consistency of equations and deriving relationships between quantities. Concepts like errors in measurement (systematic and random) and **significant figures** are explained, crucial for reporting precise and reliable experimental results in scientific work.
3. Motion In A Straight Line
This chapter describes **motion** confined to a single dimension, i.e., **motion in a straight line** (rectilinear motion). Key kinematic concepts are introduced: position, path length (distance), **displacement** (vector quantity representing change in position), speed, **velocity** (vector quantity representing speed with direction), and **acceleration** (rate of change of velocity). Different types of motion, including uniform and non-uniform, are discussed. The chapter uses **graphs** (position-time, velocity-time) to represent and analyze motion. The fundamental **equations of motion** for uniformly accelerated motion ($\textsf{v = u + at}$, $\textsf{s = ut} + \frac{1}{2}\textsf{at}^2$) are derived and applied to solve quantitative problems.
4. Motion In A Plane
Extending the study of motion to two dimensions, this chapter deals with **motion in a plane**. It introduces **vectors** as quantities possessing both magnitude and direction, essential for describing motion in multiple directions. Vector algebra, including addition, subtraction, and resolution of vectors into components, is explained. Key topics include **projectile motion**, where an object moves under gravity along a parabolic path (analyzed by resolving velocity and acceleration into horizontal and vertical components), and **uniform circular motion**, involving motion with constant speed but continuously changing velocity direction, resulting in **centripetal acceleration** ($\textsf{a}_\text{c} = \frac{\textsf{v}^2}{\textsf{r}}$) directed towards the circle's center.
5. Laws Of Motion
This chapter presents the fundamental relationship between **force** and **motion** through **Newton's Laws of Motion**. Newton's First Law describes **inertia** – the tendency of an object to maintain its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. The Second Law quantifies force, stating that the net force acting on an object is equal to the rate of change of its momentum ($\vec{\textsf{F}} = \frac{\textsf{d}\vec{\textsf{p}}}{\textsf{dt}} = \textsf{m}\vec{\textsf{a}}$ for constant mass). The Third Law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Concepts like **momentum** ($\vec{\textsf{p}} = \textsf{m}\vec{\textsf{v}}$) and the **Conservation of Linear Momentum** principle are derived and applied to analyze interactions, including collisions.
6. Work, Energy And Power
This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of **work**, **energy**, and **power**, central to mechanics and thermodynamics. **Work** is done by a force when it causes displacement in the direction of the force ($\textsf{W} = \vec{\textsf{F}} \cdot \vec{\textsf{s}}$). **Energy** is defined as the capacity to do work, discussed in various forms. The focus is on **mechanical energy**, comprising **kinetic energy** ($\textsf{KE} = \frac{1}{2}\textsf{mv}^2$) due to motion and **potential energy** (e.g., gravitational $\textsf{PE} = \textsf{mgh}$, elastic). The **Work-Energy Theorem** and the fundamental **Law of Conservation of Energy** are pivotal. **Power** is defined as the rate at which work is done ($\textsf{P} = \frac{\textsf{W}}{\textsf{t}}$).
7. System Of Particles And Rotational Motion
This chapter extends the analysis of motion from single point masses to **systems of particles** and **rigid bodies**, introducing **rotational motion**. Concepts like the **center of mass** (the point where the total mass is considered concentrated for translational motion) are introduced. **Torque** ($\vec{\tau} = \vec{\textsf{r}} \times \vec{\textsf{F}}$) is defined as the rotational equivalent of force. **Angular momentum** ($\vec{\textsf{L}} = \textsf{I}\vec{\omega}$) is the rotational equivalent of linear momentum. **Moment of inertia** ($\textsf{I}$) quantifies resistance to rotational changes. The relationship between linear and angular variables and the **conservation of angular momentum** principle are key aspects for understanding rotating systems.
8. Gravitation
This chapter explores the universal attractive force between any two objects with mass: **gravitation**. **Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation** ($\textsf{F} = \textsf{G}\frac{\textsf{m}_1\textsf{m}_2}{\textsf{r}^2}$) is the cornerstone. Concepts like free fall and **acceleration due to gravity** ($\textsf{g}$), its variation with altitude and depth, and gravitational potential energy are discussed. **Escape speed** (minimum speed needed to escape a gravitational field) and **orbital velocity** of satellites are derived. **Kepler's laws** describing planetary motion are presented and explained through the law of universal gravitation, providing a celestial perspective on gravity's influence in the cosmos.
9. Mechanical Properties Of Solids
This chapter investigates the behaviour of **solid materials** when subjected to deforming forces, focusing on their **elastic properties**. Concepts like **stress** (internal restoring force per unit area) and **strain** (relative deformation) are introduced. **Hooke's Law**, stating that stress is proportional to strain within the elastic limit, is central. Different **moduli of elasticity** – **Young's modulus** (for tensile/compressive stress), **Shear modulus** (for tangential stress), and **Bulk modulus** (for volume stress) – are defined. The **stress-strain curve** is discussed, illustrating elastic and plastic behaviour, yield point, and fracture point, crucial for selecting materials in engineering applications, like building structures in India.
10. Mechanical Properties Of Fluids
This chapter explores the behaviour of **fluids** (liquids and gases) both at rest (**fluid statics**) and in motion (**fluid dynamics**). Fluid statics covers concepts like **pressure** (force per unit area), **Pascal's Law** (pressure transmission), and **Archimedes' principle** (**buoyancy**). Fluid dynamics introduces **viscosity** (resistance to fluid flow) and **surface tension** (force per unit length minimizing surface area). Different types of fluid flow (streamline and turbulent) are discussed. **Bernoulli's principle** ($\textsf{P} + \frac{1}{2}\rho\textsf{v}^2 + \rho\textsf{gh} = \textsf{constant}$), based on energy conservation for ideal fluid flow, is a key concept with numerous applications, e.g., in aeroplanes and fluid pipelines.
11. Thermal Properties Of Matter
This chapter focuses on how **heat** and **temperature** affect the physical properties of matter. It discusses the relationship between heat and thermal energy. **Temperature scales** (Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin) and their conversions are explained. **Thermal expansion** – the tendency of matter to change volume with temperature – in solids, liquids, and gases is covered. Concepts like **specific heat capacity** and **latent heat** are introduced to quantify the heat involved in temperature changes and **phase transitions** (melting, boiling). The three primary modes of **heat transfer** – conduction, convection, and radiation – are detailed, explaining how thermal energy moves through different media.
12. Thermodynamics
**Thermodynamics** is the branch of physics dealing with heat and its relationship to other forms of energy and work. This chapter introduces fundamental concepts like thermodynamic systems, surroundings, state variables, and **internal energy**. The **First Law of Thermodynamics** ($\Delta \textsf{U} = \textsf{Q} + \textsf{W}$), a statement of energy conservation for thermodynamic systems, and various **thermodynamic processes** (isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric, isochoric) are discussed. The **Second Law of Thermodynamics** introduces the concept of **entropy** ($\Delta \textsf{S}$) and dictates the direction of spontaneous processes, explaining the limitations on converting heat into work, as seen in **heat engines** and refrigerators, relevant to power generation systems.
13. Kinetic Theory
This chapter explains the macroscopic properties of gases from a microscopic viewpoint using the **Kinetic Theory of Gases**. It models gases as composed of a large number of particles (molecules) in constant, random motion. The postulates of the theory are discussed. It explains how concepts like **pressure** arise from molecular collisions with container walls and how **temperature** is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of the molecules. The **Ideal Gas Equation** ($\textsf{PV = nRT}$) is derived from kinetic theory. Concepts like degrees of freedom and the **Law of Equipartition of Energy** are introduced, providing insights into the internal energy and specific heat capacities of gases.
14. Oscillations
This chapter explores **oscillations**, periodic motions that repeat over time, like the swing of a pendulum or a mass vibrating on a spring. It focuses specifically on **Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)**, the simplest and most fundamental type of oscillation, characterized by a restoring force proportional to displacement and directed towards equilibrium. Concepts like displacement, velocity, acceleration, amplitude, time period (T), frequency ($\nu$), angular frequency ($\omega = \sqrt{\textsf{k/m}}$), and phase are discussed. The energy in SHM (sum of kinetic and potential energy) is shown to be constant. Examples like the **simple pendulum** and a mass attached to a spring are analyzed.
15. Waves
This chapter introduces **wave motion** as the phenomenon where a disturbance propagates through a medium or vacuum, transferring energy and momentum without bulk transport of matter. It distinguishes between **transverse waves** (particles vibrate perpendicular to propagation, e.g., light, waves on a string) and **longitudinal waves** (particles vibrate parallel to propagation, e.g., sound). Key wave properties – amplitude, wavelength ($\lambda$), frequency ($\nu$), time period (T), and **wave speed** ($\textsf{v} = \nu\lambda$) – are defined. The **principle of superposition** is introduced, explaining phenomena like **interference** (combination of waves) and the formation of **standing waves**. Reflection of waves is also covered.